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BRITANNIA IN ANCIENT EGYPT 61

Barati (Fig. 14, p. 55), and bearing a similar pitcher on her head (symbolizing the Waters) and holding a long spearlike sceptre and the handled Cross-sceptre, corresponding to the Cross on the throne of Barati and on the shield of

Britannia.

She is further entitled ‘‘ The Lady Protector of Zapuna,”* a seaport city which is usually identified with the “ Zephonby-the-sea ”’ of the Hebrew Old Testament account of the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt to the Sinai desert.’ But this name, usually transliterated ‘‘ Zapuna,” reads in full in the Egyptian hieroglyph texts ZA-PUNAQ(m),° and thus appears to mean “ The Sailings of the Punags (ie., of the Phcenicians) * (see Fig. 18 for the hieroglyphs of her name and title).

But the more important ‘and presumably original city or district of “‘ Za-Puna(q),”’ with its temple to its protective tutelary, of which the Suez one appears to have been only a transplanted namesake, was situated significantly in Northern Phenicia.» This Phcenician place is also mentioned by an Assyrian king about 950 B.c. under the title of “ The country of Bi-’i-li Za-Bu-na(or Za-pi-na) ”’ designating it as under the protection of the Lady of Bil or Bel,’

7 See fn. 3:

2 Exod. 14,2. Near Suez and thus presumably a port of the Phoenicians who were the chief mariners of the Egyptian coast and Red Sea, and who in the time of Solomon had two ports in the other northern arm of the Red Sea (1 Kings, 9, 26, etc.) and who still had several river-port settlements in Egypt so late as the time of Herodotus.

2 Budge, op. cit. 2, 281 spells it ‘‘ Tchapuna”’ by transliterating the letter Z as Tch, and by omitting the last hieroglyph which has the value of Om or Q. This latter sign was used in later times as a “' determinative ” (or sign to fix the meaning of a word) for foreign tribes and cities; but “‘in the Old Kingdom ” its use as a ‘‘determinative’’ was very limited (G.H. 52) ; and when so used it is not usually used by itself as here, but is followed by the sign for country or people, neither of which oceur here. Yet even if it be treated as this foreign tribal affix to the name “ Puna,” the latter may still represent the Egyptian Pa ag or Fenkha or “ Phoenician,’’ because the Egyptians were in the habit of dropping out the final G or Q or Kh of this name, as seen in their ‘‘ Bennu” for the *‘ Phoenix,” Sunbird of the Phoenicians, and the Roman Pu (or ‘‘ Punic’’) for Phoenician ; and the Egyptians were in the habit, as we shall see, of substituting Q for G, K and Kh.

*Za=“ to travel, to sail;” see P.V.H., 731-2 under “Ta”; and B.E.D., 894 under “ Tch.”

5 Miller Asien und kuropa, 315.

® In an inscription of Tiglath Pileser II. for which the cuneiform is cited by B.G.E., 2, 282 with transliteration as ‘‘ Ba-‘li-Sa-pu-na.”