RTV Theory and Practice - Special Issue

rađio programming. Research was conđucted around the activities and resulted in substantial documentation (Kool et al. , 1976; Stappers et al. , 1976. and Jankowski, 1982). Generallv , the results suggested that nonprofessionais - particularl/ уоипдег residents - were able to produce television programs and that a cross section of the residents of the respective communities were enough to attend to these programs (Gorter et al . , 1978; Manders and De Wit, 1983). The experiment was terminated in 1978. Thereafter, five of the original six stations found funding to continue operation . There was much interest on the part of other municipalities to engage in community rađio anđ television , but the national government refused to grant permits for other than short-term programming. Radio and television pirates - stations illegally transmitting signals via the ether , often with advertising , became active in this period . This eventually prompted the government to implement new regulations . During this period, in 1981, a federation was established for aspiring local stations around the country: OLON (‘Organisatie voor Lokale Omroepen Nederlanđ") . Опе of the objectives of the OLON was to lobby at the national level for political and legal recognition of local radio and television stations . The OLON has also become active in developing training programs and in ađvising stations on organizational and financial matters . Although the national experiment with community radio anđ television terminated in 1978, it was not until 1984 that extensive regulations were developeđ. The regulations then adopted specified that a local station organization be socially and culturally representative for the municipality in which programming was planned . The local government could advise the national ministry responsible for assessing the legitimacy of a station's representativeness for the municipality. In addition, advertising was prohibited in station programming and financial assistance from the national government was explicitly eliminated from the potential sources of funding . This prohibition of advertismg was based on an intention to protect the income source of print media , regional newspapers in particular . After 1984 the number of licenses issued for local radio and television grew rapiđly. These licenses were no longer experimental in character as in the previous ten-year period and no longer limited to a set time period . Although the license allow stations to produce both cable-delivered radio and television programming , nearly all of the stations concentrated their attention on the međium radio . This preference was economically based: television production was -